IMPORTANT ARTICLE IN CONSTITUTION OF INDIA for UPCOMING EXAMS
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Article 1 – Name and Territory of the Union.
Article 14 – Relates to Right to Equality
Article 17 – Abolishes the practice of untouchability
Article 18 – Prohibits the state from conferring any title.
Article 19 – Deals with six freedoms of Indian citizens namely,
(a) freedom of speech and expression
(d) freedom of movement throughout the territory of India
(e) freedom of residence and settlement in any part of India
(d) freedom of occupation.
Article 21 – Provides protection to life and liberty to all persons
Article 21A – Right to elementary education.
Article 22 – Affords protection against arbitrary arrest & detention
Article 23 – Prohibits the traffic in human beings and beggars. (making a person work without wages or adequate compensation)
Article 24 – Prohibits the employment of children below 14 years.
Articles 25-28 – Relates to Right to freedom of religion
Article 32 – Right to Constitutional Remedies described as ‘‘The heart and soul of the Constitution’’ by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Article 36-51 -Relates to Directive Principles of State Policy.
Article 39A – Free legal aid
Article 40 – Deals with the formation of Panchayats
Article 44 – Uniform Civil Code for the Citizens.
Article 45 – Free and compulsory education to all children below 14 years of age.
Article 50 – Separation of Judiciary
Article 51 – Promotion of International peace & security
Article 51(A) – Relates to list of Fundamental Duties
Article 74 – Council of Ministers to aid and to advice the President
Article 110 – Definition of Money Bills.
Article 112 – Annual Financial Statement (Budget)
Article 123 – Power of President to promulgate ordinances during recess of Parliament.
Article 262 – Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of Inter -state rivers or river valleys.
Article 312 – All India Services
Article 315 – Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the states.
Article 324 – Relates to the Election Commission
Article 352 – Gives provision regarding emergencies
Article 356 – Proclamation of President’s Rule in the states.
Article 368 – Amendment of the Constitution by the Parliament
Article 370 – Special status to Jammu and Kashmir

India at a glance in Nobel prize
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1. Kailash Satyarthi, Peace, 2014
2. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan*–
Chemistry, 2009
3. Amartya Sen — Economic Sciences, 1998
4. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar–
Physics, 1983
5. Mother Teresa—Peace, 1979
6. Hargobind Khorana— Physiology or Medicine, 1968
7. C.V. Raman, Physics– 1930
8. Rabindranath Tagore, Literature–1913

Interesting facts about nobel prize
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1.The Nobel Prizes were founded by Swedish industrialist and scientist Alfred Nobel who invented dynamite in 1866.
2. Alfred Nobel was many talents rolled in one as he worked as chemist, engineer and industrialist. Also, he could speak 5 languages fluently at the age of 17. He left 31 million Swedish kroner (today about 265 million dollar) to fund the Nobel Prizes.
3. In his will dated November 27, 1895, Nobel dedicated a mammoth share of his fortune to honour work by awarding prizes in five areas – Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
4. In 1968, a sixth award for Economics was added by the Bank of Sweden in the memory of Alfred Nobel.
5. The Nobel Prizes are announced in advance but distributed every year on December 10 to mark the death anniversary of Alfred Nobel.
6. The Nobel Prizes for Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature and Economics are awarded at a ceremony in Stockholm, Sweden, while the Nobel Peace Prize is awarded at a different ceremony in Oslo, Norway.
7. Alfred Nobel signed his third and last will at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris. In his will, Alfred Nobel didn’t explain as to why the Nobel Peace Prize was to be awarded by a Norwegian committee while the other four prizes were to be handled by Swedish committees.
8. The prize consists of a medal, personal diploma and cash worth 8 million Swedish kroner (roughly equal to $1.1 million US dollars as of october 2014).
9. The Nobel medal features the image of Alfred Nobel on the face. The image on the reverse varies according to the institution awarding the prize.
10. The main inscription on one side of the medal for Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, and Literature Nobel Prizes reads: “Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes,” which in loose translation means – “And they who bettered life on earth by new found mastery.”
The verbatim translation is – “inventions enhance life which is beautified through art.”
11. The inscription on the Nobel Peace medal is- “Pro pace et fraternitate gentium,” which means – “For the peace and brotherhood of men.”
12. So far, 567 Nobel Prizes have been awarded between 1901 and 2014 to 889 Nobel Laureates ( 864 individuals and 25 organizations)
13. 95 Nobel Peace Prizes have been awarded since 1901. It was not awarded on 19 occasions: in 1914-1916, 1918, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1939-1943, 1948, 1955-1956, 1966-1967 and 1972.
14. Posthumous nominations can’t be made for Nobel Prizes. If during consideration, the nominee dies, his name is removed. But if a person dies after being announced as the winner, a posthumous award is given.
15. More than three people can’t share a Nobel Prize.
16. Among the Nobel Laureates, the two most common dates for birthdays are 21 May and 28 February.
17. Till now, two have voluntarily declined to accept Nobel – Jean Paul Sartre for Literature in 1964 and Le Duc Tho for Peace in 1937. Le Duc Tho rejected the awrd given to him for Paris Peace Accords saying here was no actual pweace in Vietnam.
18. In 1958, Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel in Literature. He first accepted the Nobel Prize but later declined the prize fearing the Soviet authorities.
19. Malala Yousufzai, a Pakistani child education activist, is the youngest person to achieve the Nobel at the age of 17.
20. The Curies (Marie and Pierre Curie) comprised a very successful ‘Nobel Prize family’. Marie Curie herself was awarded two Nobel Prizes.

INDIAN CITIES & FOUNDERS
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1. Who was the founder of Madras ?
ANS : Francis Day
2. Who was the founder of Delhi ?
ANS : Anankapalan
3. Who was the founder of Calcutta ?
ANS : Job Charnok
4. Who was the founder of Allahabad ?
ANS : Akbar
5. Who was the founder of Ajmeer ?
ANS : Ajaypal Chauhan
6. Who was the founder of Hisar ?
ANS : Firozshah Tuglaq
7. Who was the founder of Siri ?
ANS : Alaudden Khilji
8. Who was the founder of Vijayanagaram ?
ANS : Hariharan 1
9. Who was the founder of Jodhpur ?
ANS : Rao Jodha
10. Who was the founder of Fathepur Sikri ?
ANS : Akbar
11. Who was the founder of Hyderabad ?
ANS : Quli Qutabshah
12. Who was the founder of Agra ?
ANS : Sikkandar Lodhi
13. Who was the founder of Mahabalipuram ?
ANS : Narasimhawarma
14. Who was the founder of Ahmedabad ?
ANS : Ahmed Shah
15. The city of Daulatabad was founded by ?
ANS : Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
16. Dinpanah was founded by ?
ANS : Humayun
17. The city of Jahanpanah was founded by ?
ANS : Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
18. The founder of Gangaikondacholapuram ?
ANS : Rajendra Chola I
19. The city of Shahjahanabad was founded by ?
ANS : Shah Jahan
20. Chandigarh was designed by whom ?
ANS : Le Coubusier
21. The city of Amritsar was founded by ?
ANS : Guru Ram Das
22. The city founded by Kanishka in Kashmir was ?
ANS : Kanishkapuram
23. The founder of the city of Patna ?
ANS : Sher Shah
24. The architect of New Delhi ?
ANS : Edwin Lutyens
25. The architect of the city of Gandhinagar ?
ANS : Le Coubusier
26. Who was the founder of Mumbai ?
ANS : Onald Ogjiar
27. Who was the founder of Bhopal ?
ANS : Raja Bhoj
28. Who was the founder of Indore ?
ANS : Ahilya Bai
29. Who was the founder of Tughlakabad ?
ANS : Mohammad Tughlaq
30. Who was the founder of Jaipur ?
ANS : Sawai Jai Singh

VERY USEFUL SHORT FORMS for Government Exams:

(1.) GOOGLE : Global Organization Of Oriented Group Language Of Earth .(unofficial)
(2.) YAHOO : Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle .
(3.) WINDOW : Wide Interactive Network Development for Office work Solution
(4.) COMPUTER : Common Oriented Machine Particularly United and used under Technical and Educational Research.
(5.) VIRUS : Vital Information Resources Under Siege .
(6.) UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunications System .
(7.) AMOLED: Active-matrix organic light emitting diode
(8.) OLED : Organic light-emitting diode
(9.) IMEI: International Mobile Equipment Identity .
(10.) ESN: Electronic Serial Number .
(11.) UPS: uninterruptible power supply .
(12). HDMI: High-Definition Multimedia Interface
(13.) VPN: virtual private network
(14.) APN: Access Point Name
(15.) SIM: Subscriber Identity Module
(16.) LED: Light emitting diode.
(17.) DLNA: Digital Living Network Alliance
(18.) RAM: Random access memory.
(19.) ROM: Read only memory.
(20) VGA: Video Graphics Array
(21) QVGA: Quarter Video Graphics Array
(22) WVGA: Wide video graphics array.
(23) WXGA: Widescreen Extended Graphics Array
(24) USB: Universal serial Bus
(25) WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network
(26.) PPI: Pixels Per Inch
(27.) LCD: Liquid Crystal Display.
(28.) HSDPA: High speed down-link packet access.
(29.) HSUPA: High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
(30.) HSPA: High Speed Packet Access
(31.) GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
(32.) EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
(33.)NFC: Near field communication
(34.) OTG: on-the-go
(35.) S-LCD: Super Liquid Crystal Display
(36.) O.S: Operating system.
(37.) SNS: Social network service
(38.) H.S: HOTSPOT
(39.) P.O.I: point of interest
(40.)GPS: Global Positioning System
(41.)DVD: Digital Video Disk / digital versatile disc
(42.)DTP: Desk top publishing.
(43.) DNSE: Digital natural sound engine .
(44.) OVI: Ohio Video Intranet
(45.)CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
(46.) WCDMA: Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access
(47.)GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
(48.)WI-FI: Wireless Fidelity
(49.) DIVX: Digital internet video access.
(50.) .APK: authenticated public key.
(51.) J2ME: java 2 micro edition
(53.) DELL: Digital electronic link library.
(54.)ACER: Acquisition Collaboration ExperimentationReflection
(55.)RSS: Really simple syndication
(56.) TFT: thin film transistor
(57.) AMR: Adaptive Multi- Rate
(58.) MPEG: moving pictures experts group
(59.)IVRS: Interactive Voice Response System
(60.) HP: Hewlett Packard

First in Awards and Titles
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First Miss World ≡ Reita Faria in 1966
First Miss Universe ≡ Susmita Sen in 1994
First Booker Prize ≡ Arundhati Roy for The God of Small Things in 1997
First Bharat Ratna ≡ Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishan, C. Rajagopalachari, and Dr. C.V. Raman in 1954
First Foreigner to receive Bharat Ratna ≡ Khan Abdul Ghaffar
First Person to receive Stalin Prize ≡ Saifuddin Kitchlu
First Chevalier ≡ Sivaji Ganesan
First Person to receive Jnapith Award ≡ Shri Shankar Kurup
First Dadasaheb Phalke Award ≡ Devika Rani in 1969
First Ashoka Chakra Award to a civilian (posthumous) ≡ D.K. Jatar, captain of the sabotaged plane Kashmir Princess, for “most conspicuous bravery, daring and self-sacrifice.”
First Magsaysay Award ≡ Vinoba Bhave
First Winner of a major literary award in the United States ≡ Dhan Gopal Mukerji
First Ford Supermodel of the World(contest) ≡ Bipasha Basu, 1996
First Indian recipient of ‘Oscar Award’ ≡ Bhanu Athaiya

Time and Distance – Important Shortcuts and Notes:

1. 1 Kmph = (5/18) m/s
2. 1 m/s = (18/5) Kmph
3. Speed(S) = Distance(d)/Time(t)
4. Average Speed = Total distance/Total Time = (d1+d2)/(t1+t2)
5. When d1 = d2 , Average speed= 2S1S2/(S1+S2), where S1 and S2
are the speeds for covering d1 and d2 respectively
6. When t1 = t2 , Average speed = (S1+S2)/2, where S1 and S2 are
the speeds during t1 and t2 respectively
7. Relative speed when moving in opposite direction is S1 +S2
8. Relative speed when moving in same direction is S1 – S2
9. A person goes certain distance (A to B) at a speed of S1 kmph and returns back (B to A) at a speed of S2 kmph.
If he takes T hours in all, the distance between A and B is T(S1S2/S1+S2)
10. When two trains of lengths l1 and l2 respectively travelling at the speeds of s1 and s2 respectively cross each other in time t, then the equation is given as s1+s2 = (l1+l2)/t
11. When a train of lengths l1 travelling at a speed s1 overtakes another train of length l2 travelling at speed s2 in time t, then the equation is given as s1 – s2 = (l1+l2)/t
12. When a train of lengths l1 travelling at a speed s1 crosses a platform/bridge/tunnel of length l2 in time t, then the equation is given
as s1 = (l1+l2)/t
13. When a train of lengths l travelling at a speed s crosses a pole/pillar/flag post in time t, then the equation is given as s = l/t
14. If two persons A and B start at the same time from two points P and Q
towards each other and after crossing they take T1 and T2 hours in
reaching Q and P respectively, then
(A’s speed)/(B’s speed) =sqrtT2/ sqrtT1

Top 10 Tallest Mountains – Imp for IBPS, Bank, Insurance Exams

◙ Mount Everst, 8850m (29035 ft) – Nepal
◙ Qogir (K2), 8611 m (28250 ft) – India
◙ Kangchenjunga 8586 m (28169 ft) – Nepal
◙ Lhotse, 8501 m (27929 ft) – Nepal
◙ Makalu I, 8462 m (27765 ft) – Nepal
◙ Cho Oyu, 8201 m (26906 ft) – Nepal
◙ Dhaulagiri, 8167 m (26794 ft) – Nepal
◙ Manaslu I, 8156 m (26758 ft) – Nepal
◙ Nanga Parbat, 8125 m (26658 ft) – Pakistan
◙ Annapurna I, 8091 m (26545 ft) – Nepal

Oceans General Awareness (GK)

Oceans of the World (by Size)
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◙ Pacific (155,557,000 sq km)
◙ Atlantic (76,762,000 sq km)
◙ Indian (68,556,000 sq km)
◙ Southern (20,327,000 sq km)
◙ Artic (14,056,000 sq km)

Ocean’s Greatest Depths
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◙ Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean 35,827 ft
◙ Puerto Rico Trench, Atlantic Ocean 30,246 ft
◙ Java Trench, Indian Ocean 24,460 ft
◙ Arctic Basin, Arctic Ocean, 18,456 ft

Important Lines and Boundaries
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► Durand Line is the line demarcating the boundaries of Pakistan and Afghanistan. It was drawn up in 1896 by Sir Mortimer Durand.
► Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. The Germans retreated to this line in 1917 during World War I
► Mason-Dixon Line is a line of demarcation between four states in the United State.
► Marginal Line was the 320 km line of fortification on the Russia-Finland border. Drawn up by General Mannerheim.
► Macmahon Line was drawn up by Sir Henry MacMahon, demarcating the frontier of India and China. China did not recognize the MacMahon line and crossed it in 1962.
► Medicine Line is the border between Canada and the United States.
► Order-Neisse Line is the border between Poland and Germany, running along the Order and Neisse rivers, adopted at the Poland Conference (Aug 1945) after World War II.
► Radcliffe Line was drawn up by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, demarcating the boudary between India and Pakistan. Siegfried Line is the line of fortification drawn up by Germany on its border with France.
► 17th Parallel defined the boundary between North Vietnam and South Vietnam before two were united.
► 24th Parallel is the line which Pakistan claims for demarcation between India and Pakistan. This, however, is not recognized by India
► 26th Parallel south is a circle of latitude which crosses through Africa, Australia and South America.
► 30th Parallel north is a line of latitude that stands one-third of the way between the equator and the North Pole.
► 33rd Parallel north is a circle of latitude which cuts through the southern United States, parts of North Africa, parts of the Middle East, and China.
► 35th Parallel north forms the boundary between the State of North Carolina and the State of Georgia and the boundary between the State of Tennessee arid the State of Georgia, the State of Albama, and the State of Mississippi.
► 36th Parallel forms the southermost boundary of the State of Missouri with the State of Arkansas.
► 36o30′ Parallel north forms the boundary between the Tenessee and the Commonwealth of Kentucky between the Tennessee River and the Mississippi River, the boundary between Missouri and Arkansas west of the White River, and the northermost boundary between the Texas and the Oklahoma.
► 37th Parallel north formed the southern boundary of the historic and extralegal Territory of Jefferson.
► 38th Parallel is the parallel of latitude which separates North Korea and South Korea.
► 39th Parallel north is an imaginary circle of latitude that is 39 degrees north of Earth’s equatorial plane.
► 40th Parallel north formed the original northern boundary of the British Colony of Maryland.
► 41st Parallel north forms the northern boundary of the State of Colorado with Nebraska and Wyoming and the southern boundary of the State of Wyoming with Colorado and Utah.
► 42nd Parallel north forms most of the New York – Pennsylvania Border.
► 43rd Parallel north forms most of the boundary between the State of Nebraska and the State of South Dakota and also formed the northern border of the historic and extralegal Territory of Jefferson.
► The Parallel 44o north is an imaginary circle of latitude that is 44 degrees north of the Earth’s equatorial plane.
► 45th Parallel north is often the halfway point between the Equator and the North Pole. The 45th parallel makes up most of the boundary between Montana and Wyoming.
► 49th Parallel is the boundary between USA and Canada.

Biggest, Highest and Largest in India
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Highest Award – Bharat Ratna
Highest Gallantry Award – Param Vir Chakra
Longest River in India – The Ganges
Longest Tributary river of India – Yamuna
Largest Lake – Wular Lake, Kashmir
Largest Lake (Saline Water) – Chilka Lake, Orrisa
Largest Man-Made Lake – Govind Vallabh Pant Sagar (Rihand Dam)
Largest Fresh Water Lake – Kolleru Lake (Andhra Pradesh)
Highest Lake – Devtal Lake, Gadhwal (Uttarakhand)
Highest Lake – Devatal (Gharhwal)
Highest Peak – Karkoram-2 of K-2(8,611 meters)
Highest Peak in the world – is Mount Everest which is in Nepal
Largest Populated City – Mumbai
Largest State(Area) – Rajasthan
Largest State(Population) – Uttar Pradesh
Highest rainfall – Cherrapunhi (426 inches per annum)
Highest Watefall – Nohkalikai Falls (335 meters, 1100 ft high) in Shora
State wise largest area under forest – Madhya Pradesh
Largest Delta – Sunderbans Delta
Largest River without Delta – Narmada and Tapti
Longest Cantilever Span bridge – Howrah Bridge
Longest River Bridge – Mahatma Gandhi Setu, Patna
Biggest Cave temple – Ellora
Longest Road – Grand Trunk Road
Highest Road – Road at Khardungla,(in Leh-Manali Sector)
Biggest Mosque – Jama Masjid at Delhi
Highest Gateway – Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri (53.6 meters high)
Tallest Statue – Statue of Gomateshwar (17 meters high In Karnataka
Largest Public Sector Bank – State Bank of India
Longest Canal Indira Gandhi Canal or Rajasthan Canal (Rajasthan)
Largest Dome – Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur
Largest Zoo – Zoological Garden at Alipur (Kolkata)
Largest Museum – India Museum at Kolkata
Longest Dam – Hirakud Dam (Orrisa)
Highest Dam – Tehri Dam ( 260 meters , 850 ft )
Highest Tower – Kutab Minar at Delhi (88.4 meters high)
Largest Desert – Thar (Rajasthan)
Largest District – Kutch district
Fastest Train – Shatabadi Express running between New Delhi and Bhopal
State with longest coastline – Gujarat
State with longest coastline of South India – Andhra Pradesh
Longest Electric Railway – Line From Delhi to Kolkata via Patna
Longest Railway Route – From Assam to Kanyakumari
Longest Railway Platform – Kharagpur (W. Bengal)
Highest Railway Station – Ghum (W. Bengal)
Longest Platform – Kharagpur (West Bengal) 833 meters in Length. It is also the longest railway station in world
Longest Tunnel – Jawahar tunnel (Jammu & Kashmir)
Longest Highway – NH-44 (NH-7) which turns from Varanasi to Kanyakumari
Smallest State (Population) – Sikkim
Smallest State (Area) – Goa
Largest State (Area) – Rajasthan
Largest State (Population) – Uttar Pradesh
Densest Populated State – West Bengal
Largest Cave – Amarnath (J&K)
Largest Cave Temple – Kailash Temple, Ellora (Maharastra)
Largest Animal Fair – Sonepur (Bihar)
Largest Auditorium – Sri Shanmukhanand Hall (Mumbai)
Biggest Hotel – Oberai-Sheraton (Mumbai)
Largest Port – Mumbai
Largest Gurudwara – Golden Temple, Amritsar
Deepest River Valley – Bhagirathi & Alaknanda
Largest Church – Saint Cathedral (Goa)
Oldest Church – St. Thomas Church at Palayar, Trichur (Kerala)
Longest River – Ganga (2640 km long)
Longest Beach – Marina Beach, Chennai
Highest Battle Field – Siachin Glacier
Highest Airport – Leh (Laddakh)
Biggest Stadium – Yuva Bharti (Salt Lake) Stadium, Kolkata
Largest River – Island Majuli (Brahmaputra River, Asom)
Largest Planetarium – Birla Planetarium (Kolkata)
Sambhar lake – Largest inland salt lake