Abbreviations
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a. m. — Ante meridian (12 AM to 12 PM)
p. m. — Post meridian (12 PM to 12 AM)
B. A. — Bachelor of Arts
M. A. — Master of Arts
B. Sc. — Bachelor of Science
M. Sc. — Master of Science
B. Sc. Ag. — Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
M. Sc. Ag. — Master of Science in Agriculture
M. B. B. S. — Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
M. D. — Doctor of Medicine
M. S. — Master of Surgery
Ph. D. / D. Phil. — Doctor of Philosophy
D. Litt./Lit. — Doctor of Literature / Doctor of Letters
D. Sc. — Doctor of Science
B. Com. — Bachelor of Commerce
M. Com. — Master of Commerce
Dr. — Doctor
B. P. — Blood Pressure
Mr. — Mister
Mrs. — Mistress (मिसेंज) विवाहित महिला के लिए
MS. — (एम. एस.) विवाहित तथा अविवाहित दोनों प्रकार की महिलाओं के लिए
Miss — कुँआरी लड़की के लिये
Messrs — (मैसर्स) फर्मों के लिये
M. P. — Member of Parliament
M. L. A. — Member of Legislative Assembly
M. L. C. — Member of Legislative Council
P. M. — Prime Minister
C. M. — Chief Minister
C-in-C — Commander-in-chief
L. D. C. — Lower Division Clerk
U. D. C. — Upper Division Clerk
Lt. Gov. — Lieutenant Governor
D. M. — District Magistrate
V. I. P. — Very Important Person
I. T. O. — Income Tax Officer
C. I. D. — Criminal Investigation Department
C/o — Care of
S/o — Son of
C. B. I. — Central Bureau of Investigation
G. P. O. — General Post Office
H. Q. — Head Quarters
E & O. E. — Errors and Omissions Excepted
Kg. — Kilogram
Kw. — Kilowatts
Gm. — Gram
Km. — Kilometer
Ltd. — Limited
m. p.h. — Miles per hour
km. p. h. — kilometre per hour
P. T. O. — Please Turn Over
P. W. D. — Public Works Department
C. P. W. D. — Central Public Works Department
U. S. A. — United States of America
U. K. — United Kingdom (England)
U. P. — Uttar Pradesh
M. P. — Madhya Pradesh
H. P. — Himachal Pradesh
U. N. O. — United Nations Organization
W. H. O. — World Health Organization
B. B. C. — British Broadcasting Corporation
B. C. — Before Christ
A. C. — Air Conditioned
I. G. — Inspector General (of Police)
D. I. G. — Deputy Inspector General (of Police)
S. S. P. — Senior Superintendent of Police
D. S. P. — Deputy Superintendent of Police
S. D. M. — Sub-Divisional Magistrate
S. M. — Station Master
A. S. M. — Assistant Station Master
V. C. — Vice-Chancellor
A. G. — Accountant General
C. R. — Confidential Report
I. A. S. — Indian Administrative Service
I. P. S. — Indian Police Service
I. F. S. — Indian Foreign Service or Indian Forest Service
I. R. S. — Indian Revenue Service
P. C. S. — Provincial Civil Service
M. E. S. — Military Engineering Service

One-Word Substitution
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● The life history of a man written by himself. = Autobiography
● A person who believes that there is no God. = Atheist
● A medicine which counteracts the effects of poison. = Antidote
● A person who does something not professionally but for pleasure. = Amateur
● A person residing in a country of which he is not a citizen. = Alien
● That does not bear the name of the writer. = Anonymous
● Government by a ruler who has unlimited power. = Autocracy
● A diplomatic representative of one country in another. = Ambassador
● A traveller in space. = Astronaut
● An assembly of listeners. = Audience
● To give up the throne. = Abdicate
● A medicine which prevents infection by killing germs. = Antiseptic
● The science of vegetable life. = Botany
● The science which treats of life. = Biology
● Government by the officials = Bureaucracy
● The life history of a man written by someone else. = Biography
● One who has narrow and prejudiced religious views. = Bigot
● Festival of the hundredth anniversary. = Centenary
● The man who can eat human flesh. = Cannibal
● Place for burials other than a churchyard. = Cemetery
● Place for cremating of dead bodies. = Crematorium
● A person who is free from national prejudices. = Cosmopolitan
● People working together in the same office or department. = Colleague
● Belonging to the same time. = Contemporary
● Substance designed to make the skin or hair more beautiful. = Cosmetics
● That can be believed. = Credible
● The state of being unmarried. = Celibacy
● He is an artist that draws comic pictures. = Caricaturist
● A government of the people by the people and for the people. = Democracy
● A battle or a match in which neither party wins. = Drawn
● Want of rain. = Drought
● A disease that spreads over a large area. = Epidemic
● Articles sent from one country to another. = Export
● Which is fit to be eaten. = Edible
● A selfish person who always thinks of himself. = Egoist
● Fit to be chosen. = Eligible
● A person who leaves his own country and goes to live in another. = Emigrant
● A speech delivered without previous preparation. = Extempore
● Words inscribed on the graves. = Epitaph
● One who believes in fate. = Fatalist
● Which may cause death. = Fatal
● A man residing in a country of which he is not a citizen. = Foreigner
● A medicine that kills germs. = Germicide
● A person who eats too much. = Glutton
● An office for which no salary is paid. = Honorary
● Killing of a human being specially by another. = Homocide
● That which cannot be read. = Illegible

Languages Facts In India- Do You Know
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• Assamese : It is an Indo-Aryan language and is the official language of Asom.
• Bengali : It is one of the leading Indo-Aryan language and is the official language of Paschim Banga.
• Gujarati : It is an Indo-Aryan language and is the official language of Gujarat.
• Hindi : The largest spoken Indo-Aryan language.
– It is the official language of the Government of India.
– Various dialects of Hindi are Khadboli, Brajbhasha, Bundeli, Awadhi, Marwari, Maithili and Bhojpuri.
– In 6 States and UTs, Hindi is the official language.
• Kannada : It belongs to the Dravidian family and is the official language of Karnataka.
• Kashmiri : It is an Indo-Aryan language.
It is often mistaken as the official language of Jammu and Kashmir.
• Konkani : It is the official language of Goa and is spoken by thousands of Konkanis in aharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala. It was added in 1992 by 71st Amendment.
• Malayalam : Belong to the Dravidian family and is the official language of Kerala.
• Manipuri : It is the official language of Manipur. It was added in 1992 by 71st Amendment.
• Marathi : It is an Indo-Aryan language and is the official language of Maharashtra.
• Nepali : It is spoken in parts of UP, Bihar, Paschim Banga, Asom, etc. It was added in 1992 by 71st Amendment.
• Oriya : It is an Indo-Aryan language and is the official language of Odisha.
• Punjabi : It is an Indo-Aryan language and is the official language of Punjab.
• Sanskrit : It is one of the earliest languages of the world.
– Early Sanskrit is known as Vedic Sanskrit and covers the period between 2000 and 500 BC.
• Sindhi : It is an Indo-Aryan language. It was added in 1967 by 21st Amendment.
• Tamil : It is the oldest of the Dravidian languages and is the official language of Tamil Nadu.
• Telegu : It is numerically the biggest of the Dravidian languages and is the official language of Andhra Pradesh.
• Urdu : It is the official language of Jammu and Kashmir.
Modern Urdu developed due to the efforts of Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898).
• Dogri : It is generally spoken in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu. It is a combination of ancient Sanskrit and Pahari Dogri languages.
– It has been added by the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003.
• Maithili : It is chiefly spoken in the Maithilianchal region of Bihar. It is the second State language of Bihar.
– It has been added by the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003.
• Santhali : It is chiefly spoken in the area of Chotanagpur Plateau in Jharkhand and Bihar. It has been added by the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003.
• Bodo : It is chiefly spoken in Asom and its adjoining North-East States.
It has been added by the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003.

Statewise Symbols of India
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Symbols of Andhra Pradesh
Blackbuck, Animal | Indian Roller, Bird | Margosa, Tree | Water lily, Flower
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Symbols of Arunchal Pradesh
Gayal, Animal | Great Hornbill, Bird | Lady slipper orchid, Flower
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Symbols of Assam
One Horned Rhinoceros, Animal | White-winged Wood Duck, Bird | Foxtail Orchids, Flower
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Symbols of Bihar
Gaur, Animal | Indian Roller, Bird | Peepal, Tree | Kachnar, Flower
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Symbols of Chattisgarh
Wild Buffalo, Animal | Hill Myna, Bird
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Symbols of Goa
Gaur, Animal | Black-Crested Bulbul, Bird | Matti, Tree
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Symbols of Gujarat
Asiatic Lion , Animal |Greater Flamingo , Bird
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Symbols of Haryana
Blackbuck, Animal | Black Francolin , Bird | Peepal , Tree | Lotus, Flower
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Symbols of Himachal Pradesh
Snow Leopard, Animal | Monal, Bird | Deodar, Tree | Rhododendron, Flower
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Symbols of Jammu & Kashmir
Kashmir Stag, Animal | Black-necked Crane, Bird | Chinar, Tree | Lotus, Flower
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Symbols of Jharkhand
Elephant, Animal | koel, Bird | Sal, Tree | Palash, Flower
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Symbols of Karnataka
Elephant, Animal | Indian Roller, Bird |Sandal, Tree | Lotus, Flower
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Symbols of Kerala
Elephant, Animal | Great Hornbill, Bird | Coconut, Tree | Kanikonna, Flower
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Symbols of Madhya Pradesh
Swamp Deer, Animal
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Symbols of Maharashtra
Giant Squirrel, Animal | Green Imperial Pigeon, Bird | Mango, Tree | Jarul, Flower
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Symbols of Manipur
Sangai , Animal | Mrs. Hume’s Pheasant , Bird | Toon, Tree | Shiroy lily, Flower
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Symbols of Meghalaya
Clouded Leopard , Animal | Hill Myna, Bird | Gamari, Tree | Lady Slipper Orchid, Flower
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Symbols of Mizoram
Hillock Gibbon, Animal | Mrs. Hume’s Pheasant, Bird | Iron Wood, Tree | Red Vanada, Flower
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Symbols of Nagaland
Gaur, Animal |Blyth’s Tragopan, Bird | Alder, Tree | Rhododendron, Flower
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Symbols of Orissa
Sambar , Animal | Peacock, Bird | Banyan, Tree | Lotus, Flower
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Symbols of punjab
Blackbuck, Animal |Northern Goshawk , Bird | Sheesham , Tree
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Symbols of Rajasthan
Chinkara, Animal | Indian Bustard, Bird | Khejri, Tree | Rohira, Flower
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Symbols of Sikkim
Red Panda, Animal | Blood Pheasant, Bird | Rhododendron, Tree | Nobile Orchid , Flower
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Symbols of Tamil Nadu
Nilgiri Tahr, Animal | Emerald Dove, Bird | Palm, Tree | Glory lily, Flower
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Symbols of Tripura
Phayre’s Langur, Animal | Green Imperial Pigeon , Bird
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Symbols of Uttranchal
Musk Deer , Animal | Himalayan Monal , Bird | Burans, Tree | Brahm Kamal, Flower
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Symbols of Uttar Pradesh
Swamp Deer , Animal | Sarus Crane, Bird | Ashok, Tree | Brahm Kamal, Flower
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Symbols of West Bengal
Fishing cat, Animal | White-throated Kingfisher , Bird | Chatian, Tree | Shephali, Flower

POSTAL SERVICES IN INDIA
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1766 — Establishment of first Indian Postal system by Lord Clive in India.
1774 — Establishment of first G.P.O. in Kolkata by Warren Hastings.
1786 — Establishment of Madras G.P.O.
1793 — Establishment of G.P.O. at Mumbai
1854 — On October 1, 1854, Indian Post Office was recognised as of national importance and was brought under the authority of Director-General. Year 2004 was celebrated as a 150th year of the Indian Post Office. The establishment of the deptt. of Post Office is to be considered from this very year.
1863 — Railway Mail Service (R.M.S.) was started.
1873 — Sale of engraving envelopes was started
1876 — India started Parcel Postal Unit.
1877 — Started of V.P.P.
1879 — Post Card was started.
1880 — Money-order Service was started.
1911 — First airmail was sent from Allahabad to Naini.
1935 — Indian Postal Order was started.
1972 — Pincode was started.
1984 — Postal life insurance was started.
1985 — Post and telephone departments were separated.
1986 — Speed Post Service was started.
1990 — At Mumbai and Chennai, two automatic postal edition Centres were started.
1995 — Rural Postal Insurance was started.
1996 — Media Postal Service was started.
1997 — Business Postal Service was started.
1998 — Satellite Postal Service was started.
1999 — Data Dak and Express Dak Services were started.
2000 — Greeting Post Service was started.
2001 — Electronic fund transfer service was started.
3rd Jan. 2002 — Track and Tax Service based on internet was started.
5th Sep. 2003 — Bill mail Service was started.
30th Jan. 2004 — Beginning of E Postal Service.
10th Aug. 2004 — Logestice Post Service was started.

Some Important Biology Points
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1–A chemical change in DNA molecule is called mutation.
2–Glycogen acts as a shortterm food reserve in animals.
3–Estrogen is a female sex hormone.
4–The enzyme amylase aids in the digestion of starch.
5–ATP synthesis takes place in mitochondria.
6–60%- 65% (Men) & 50- 60% (women) of the body weight of a human is water
7–Adipose tissue in human being is present below dermis.
8–The tough transparent membrane that protects the eye ball is called cornea.
9–Energy is produced in human body by Carbohydrates.
10–Cell wall and vacuoles are present in a plant cell but are absent in an animal cell.
11–Sugar is the product of the dark reactions of photosynthesis.
12–Melvin Kelvin was awarded Nobel Prize for his work on Photosynthesis
13–Chlorophyll contains magnesium in granae.
14–The largest flower in the world is Refflessia and the smallest one is wolfessia.
15–Penicillin is obtained from penicillium Notatum.
16–Reserpine derived from the plant ‘serpentine’ is used to alleviate high blood pressure.
17–Plants, living in acidic soils, are called oxalophytes.
18–Bile is produced in liver and stored in gel bladder.
19–The smallest bone, lies stapes is found in the human ear.
20–Enzymes are basically proteins.
21–Mitochondria is called the ‘power house of the cell’
22–Pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland.
23–Seedless fruits are formed by parthenogenesis.
24–Simple plants that contain no chlorophyll are called fungi.
25–Spirogyra is commonly known as ‘pond silk’
26–The longest muscle in the human body is found in thigh.
27–In some leaves, the outermost layer of cells secrets continuous waxy layer, called cuticle.
28–In a leaf, the opening between two guard cells is stomata.
29–Gibberellins are responsible for cell elongation.
30–The chemical name of chlorophyll is magnesium Dihydro prophysin.

Company Name Origin/ Meaning
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1. Mercedes – Name of the daughter of the founder.
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2. Nokia – Name of city & River in Finland.
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3. Pepsi – Named from the digestive enzyme pepsi .
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4. Honda – From the name of its founder Soichiro Honda.
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5. Sony – from the Latin word’sonus’ meaning sound .
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6.Maggi – Food company named after its founder,Julius Maggi.
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7. Suzuki – From the name of its founder, Michio Suzuki.
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8. Samsung – Meaning’ three stars’in Korea.
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9. Toyota – From the name of founder, Sakichi Toyoda.!
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10. Yamaha – After Torakusu Yamaha, who founded the company.
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11. Adidas – From the name of the founder Adolf (Adi) Dassler (das).

Inspirational Story Of APJ Abdul Kalam.
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There were about 70 scientists working on a very hectic project. All of them were really frustrated due to the pressure of work and the demands of their boss but everyone was loyal to him and did not think of quitting the job.
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One day, one scientist came to his boss and told him – Sir, I have promised to my children that I will take them to the exhibition going on in our township. So I want to leave the office at 5 30 pm. His boss replied “OK, You’re permitted to leave the office early today”. The Scientist started working. He continued his work after lunch. As usual he got involved to such an extent that he looked at his watch when he felt he was close to completion. The time was 8.30 PM. Suddenly he remembered of the promise he had given to his children.
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He looked for his boss, He was not there. Having told him in the morning itself, he closed everything and left for home.
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Deep within himself, he was feeling guilty for having disappointed his children. He reached home. Children were not there. His wife alone was sitting in the hall and reading magazines.
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The situation was explosive, any talk would boomerang on him. His wife asked him “Would you like to have coffee or shall I straight away serve dinner if you are hungry.
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The man replied “If you would like to have coffee, I too will have but what about Children ??” .Wife replied “You don’t know?? , Your manager came here at 5.15 PM and has taken the children to the exhibition “.
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What had really happened was …. The boss who granted him permission was observing him working seriously at 5.00 PM. He thought to himself, this person will not leave the work, but if he has promised his children they should enjoy the visit to exhibition. So he took the lead in taking them to exhibition The boss does not have to do it every time. But once it is done, loyalty is established.
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That is why all the scientists at Thumba continued to work under their boss even though the stress was tremendous.
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By the way, can you hazard a guess as to who the boss was ?
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He was none other than Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam . .
MISS U KALAM SIR

India’s 10 Most Valuable Brands.
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10. Reliance Communications : Value US$ 1.9 billion
Industry : Telecom
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9. Kotak Mahindra Bank : Value US$ 2 billion
Industry : Banking
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8. Idea Cellular : Value US$ 2.3 billion
Industry : Telecom
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7. Hero MotoCorp : Value US$ 2.9 billion
Industry : Automobiles
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6. Asian Paints : Value US$ 3.8 billion
Industry : Paints
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5. Bajaj Auto : Value US$ 4 billion
Industry : Automobiles
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4. ICICI Bank : Value US$ 4.5 billion
Industry : Banking
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3. State Bank of India : Value US$ 7.8 billion
Industry : Banking
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2. Airtel : Value US$ 8.2 billion
Industry : Telecom
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1. HDFC Bank : Value US$ 10 billion
Industry : Banking.